Last week was Spring Break from college for me! My husband and I had a wonderful time visiting our families and spending time with them. Our days were full doing all kinds of family activities — however, I did manage to keep an eye on my blog, especially the Forum Q&A about memorization that was posted last Tuesday. Many of you left comments regarding whether or not you require memorized performances within your studio — but not many of you addressed my initial question about whether you consider the skill of memorization is essential to piano playing. At first look, it appears to be essentially the same question…perhaps I could have phrased this a bit better? In any case, today I’d like to delve in a little bit deeper into this question about the necessary or not so necessary skill of memorization.
To further clarify exactly what I’ve getting after here, a distinction must be made: There is a difference between memorizing and playing/performing by memory. I will use these two terms distinctly in this blog post: memorizing refers to the process of memorizing a piece of music during practice with the intent of later playing by memory, while playing/performing by memory refers to actually playing the piece of music from beginning to end without consultation of the score. This distinction is important because a teacher might, for example, consider memorization to be a necessary skill to develop in his/her students, but might be flexible in actually requiring students to play by memory during performances.
Let’s begin by listing some reasons why pianist might choose to perform by memory or choose not to perform by memory.
PERFORMING BY MEMORY: THE TWO CAMPS
There are many reasons to perform by memory. Below are what some of them might be:
- For appearances. It looks more impressive to play by memory because it (perhaps) requires more skill to do so.
- To avoid the possible perils of turning your own pages or entrusting a page turner to do so.
- To avoid the visual distraction of having a page turner on the stage with the performer. This helps keep the audience member’s attention on the sound quality of the performance.
- For the sake of a more musical performance (some pianists play better without the score in front of them).
- Because it proves — or at least is an indicator — that the performer has internalized the music (whatever that means).
There are also various reasons NOT to perform by memory:
- Because it requires too much time/work to memorize music.
- To avoid the performance anxiety that playing by memory causes.
- For the sake of a more musical performance (some pianist play better with the score in front of them).
It is interesting to not that both lists above include the reason: “for the sake of a more musical performance.” Some pianists feel that they play better without the score, while others feel they play better with the score.
THE HISTORY OF MEMORIZED PERFORMANCES
First off, let’s start by considering concert pianists. The majority of concert pianists today perform by memory. It seems to be the general consensus for classical pianists. Every now and then, however, I will stumble upon a YouTube video showing a famous pianist playing with the score (as this one of Richter, for example). Usually, it is when the pianist is in his/her late career. Perhaps because of their age they are fearful of memory slips. Or perhaps they are too busy in their touring schedule to upkeep pieces by memory (it does require a lot of time to keep things memorized, after all) or to memorize new pieces.
Concert pianists did not always perform by memory. Clara Schumann and Franz Liszt were the innovators who began the trend of performing by memory during the 19th century. (Who was first, you ask? It’s debatable: I’ve found credible sources crediting each of them.) For the first time, the piano virtuoso / rockstar image was forming. Before Clara and Liszt, it was actually considered disrespectful to the composer for a performer to play a composer’s work without the score during a performance. A pianist’s own improvisations were often played by memory, however.
Knowing the above, one could make an argument that performing by memory is a novelty and completely unnecessary. After all, there are many wonderful collaborative pianists who do not perform by memory (probably because of the time factor listed above), but give perfectly wonderful and very musical performances. In addition, other instrumentalists (clarinet, trumpet, sometimes string players) perform with the score, and they usually have only a single-note line to learn. Many people argue, why should solo pianists have to perform without music? Why do competitions and music schools require memorization for performances?
We can look even further back in history, however, and also consider early music (I’m referring to the Renaissance and earlier) when music was not notated more often than not. Before a system of notation was formed, music was an aural tradition, passed on by ear generation by generation. There is no argument: music in any form is an aural art. I think there is something pure and natural about both playing by ear and playing by memory. Even non-musicians often consider it a weakness when a musician cannot play anything on the spot because they don’t have their sheet music and don’t have anything memorized.
THE VALUE OF MEMORIZING (VERSUS PLAYING BY MEMORY)
Playing by memory causes increased performance anxiety for many pianists. However, even if playing by memory isn’t a requirement for an upcoming performance, it may still be worthwhile to take the time and effort to memorize the music. Many pianists state that they generally play best when they basically have the music memorized, but are performing with the score.
Being able to play a piece by memory is a good indication that a piece has been “internalized”. Of course, it is not foolproof, because musicians can certainly give groundbreaking, original musical performances even with the score in front of them. But it hard to deny that memorizing a piece helps you know the music better. Even when professional musicians perform with the score in front of them, I would argue that they often have sections of their music memorized.
Think about it — would you really take notice of the unique chord progressions that the composer uses if you didn’t have to memorize the piece? Would you take as close of a look at the formal structure? Would you still work out solid, consistant fingering? Would you be able to feel the spontaneity of the piece as well? Or form as original of a personal interpretation of the piece? Maybe you could achieve a few of these things, but chances are you wouldn’t achieve all of these things without memorizing the piece to some degree.
The ability to memorize well does seem to indicate a well-rounded musician. Sometimes teachers fear that if students learn to play by ear and memorize well, they will not learn to sightread well. Ideally, a student should be able to read music well, be able to quickly translate it to the keys, and then quickly memorize it. Memorization can be a huge help in getting a piece of music beyond the point of just being about to play the notes and on to the point where it is comfortable, enjoyable, and as musical as it can be.
Being able to memorize well is a different matter from being able to play well by memory in a performance setting. Even if teachers choose not to require memorized performances during recitals, it may be worth consideration to require some playing by memory during lessons in order to develop this important skill and reinforce other vital skills.
LEARNING + MEMORIZING
Many composers and performers have remarkable musical memories. Some people are able to play back a piece of music on the piano after hearing it only once or twice. Not everyone is gifted with that kind of astounding internal ear and memory. However, experts (musical or otherwise) always memorize as they learn. While amateurs learn a piece of music first and then memorize it, experts memorize from day one and never differentiate between learning and memorizing. To them, it’s one and the same process.
This should be the model for teaching students too. Young beginner students frequently memorize their pieces automatically as they learn them over the course of the week (just like the experts!). Memorization is difficult if you have not been doing it since you were young. If this skill isn’t cultivated along with sightreading skills, the student will lose it. If the student is encouraged to memorize from day one and is also asked to play by memory during the lesson, however, the student will develop his memorization skills along with his/her reading skills, and become more and more comfortable with playing by memory.
FINAL THOUGHTS
I do not consider myself to be an expert memorizer or performer by memory. Because I was not required to memorize my pieces for recitals except when I was very young, when I reached college I found that I hadn’t the faintest idea how to go about memorizing my pieces. Because it was so difficult for me, I found myself a member of the camp that questions the necessity of memorized performances for classical pianists. I’ve since changed my views and landed somewhere in the middle — a result of my interest and extensive research in this topic for an essay during my senior year.
Once I became convinced of the value of memorization and playing by memory, I began working even harder at learning how to memorize. (For some reason, teachers don’t seem to ever teach how to memorize! Why is that?!) Over time, I’ve gradually been able to develop a kind of process to use to memorize my pieces (click here to view my post on memorizing piano music). And although I still believe that I generally play better (i.e., more musically and generally more fluid) when I have the score in front of me, more and more I am experiencing the benefits of performing by memory and slowly getting better at it too.
Although I personally find great value in memorizing and performing by memory, I don’t strictly require both of these things with my students. If an adult student struggles with playing by memory and I don’t believe it is within their goals to be skilled at doing so, I don’t push it. Although I will certainly work on developing the skill of memorization with them privately in their lessons, I will not require performances by memory from them.
But in most cases, memorization and playing by memory are considered important skills to develop in my studio. Being able to memorize is always the priority, and I make it a point to teach my students how to memorize. Performing by memory is less of a priority, especially if the student experiences great performance anxiety as a direct result. However, the goal is always to gradually get the student so comfortable with playing by memory during lessons that they eventually feel confident performing by memory for their school friends at opportune times, or for grandparents — and maybe even for recital settings too.
For further reading:
- Susan Tomes’ article from The Guardian regarding memorized performances for pianists.
- Anthony Tommasini’s article from the New York Times regarding the controversy with memorized performances for pianists.
- Steven Hughes’ excellent article from The Telegraph.
- Jan. 2013 update: another article by Anthony Tommasini for The New York Times.
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Click here to leave a comment at the original Q&A Forum, or click here to leave a comment on this post.
Photo Credit: Rick Harris | CC 2.0
I’m glad you presented this discussion. As a professional accompanist, I never play anything by memory. So I, too, question the necessity of requiring a student to memorize. At the same time, I do feel that they should perform solos by memory, once they reach a certain level.
When a student begins playing in competitions, they will be required to play by memory. So, that is a big reason to begin early with training them to memorize. Another is to simply have some songs that they can sit down and play without having music with them. I have to say, though, I rarely spend much time on memory in lessons. I do, however, invest a lot of lesson time in teaching my students the most efficient ways to practice. (Focusing on small sections with lots of repetition, working slowly with the metronome, observing repeated patterns and/or sections in the music, etc.). If a student is using these practice techniques on a daily basis, they are actually memorizing as they learn. Many times, I just take the music away at some point and the student discovers that they can play almost the whole piece without the music. And they never even “tried” to memorize it. This is how many professional pianists memorize, as well. They actually almost never practice without the score. I also practice the accompaniments I’m hired for the same way. Within the short time I have to learn the music (often two weeks or less), I basically have my part memorized. I am able, then, to pay attention to the soloist’s part as much as my own so we can stay together. So, all that to say…… Yes, I think it’s important for students to learn to memorize their music. But I think it’s much more efficient to just teach them to practice thoroughly, effectively, and efficiently, so that the actual memorization doesn’t take extra weeks and weeks of learning.
I frequently use Christmas music to encourage memorizing just for fun. I’ve mentioned my “music points” before on your blog. A way that students can earn extra music points is to memorize their Christmas songs. They get an extra 3 points for each Christmas song that they can play by memory before Christmas. I am one of the unfortunate pianists who doesn’t have a list of 15 songs inside my head that I can just sit down and play at any moment. I attribute this to the fact that nearly 100% of my performing is in an accompanist role. But I still wish I could do this. So, I find opportunities to encourage this with my students.
When it comes to performing by memory……. I never require this of beginning or early intermediate students. I figure getting on the stage and playing a solo in front of an audience at all is enough pressure. But if they choose to play by memory, I encourage them to bring the music with them, just in case. Even with a more advanced student, it’s not absolutely mandatory to play by memory in a student recital. I encourage them to memorize the piece. But, sometimes we decide to rely on the music in the end. I would much rather see a developing student have a successful performance with the music, than to see them crash and burn in front of the audience because they tried to play by memory before they were ready.
Just a little side note…….. Even instrumentalists usually play their solos by memory. If they are playing as a soloist with accompaniment (piano, orchestra, or otherwise), they usually play by memory. If it’s just a short solo that is written in as part of a band or orchestra piece, though, they stay in their seat and use their music. So, this is an important discussion for all musicians.
Hi! I’m just clicking around your blog for the first time and quite enjoying it.
Here’s my short answer–no, I don’t strictly require students to memorize. Granted, I only have one student at the moment, and she seems to be quite a good memorizer (she was initially Suzuki trained on a string instrument), so it hasn’t been a problem.
Oddly, I myself seem to have the opposite problem–for the life of me, I cannot play a piece well/in a polished manner unless it’s been long since memorized. (This includes ensemble pieces for which I “use the score”–and by that I mean put it up purely for show.) I think most of this issue comes from the fact that I need to look at my hands and see where they’re going in order to play accurately, and maybe partly from my simple need to drill the heck out of a piece before it’s ready for performance (usually takes a good month or so). I notice this when I play accompaniments, even–I can generally give an ok approximation of a piece within a couple days, after all my small-hand alterations and some possible temporary simplifications, but it never really “comes together” until a week or so past the point of memorization. Any other pianists experience this as well, or is this just a testament to my sketchy technique? :S
I have been teaching myself to play Chopin for many years. I can not really perform most of his pieces without memorizing them, then practicing for months, if not years. Most of his pieces, except for the simpler Mazurkas and Nocturnes, are simply too fast and complicated for me to read by sight. Another reason that memorization is the way to go, is that all of my “performances” are impromptu affairs, when I happen to be near a piano, and I usually do not carry music around with me. If I haven’t memorized it, it just doesn’t happen.
When I used to compete, I always practiced with the score on the piano (although even after memorized, I still kept some type of music on the piano). My first competition was a difficult one. Because I had always practiced with some sort of music sheets on the piano, sitting in front of a shiny piano at the competition without any books (again, not my competition piece per se), made me anxious, and needless to say, I ended up forgetting my piece 1/2 way through! Now after a piece is memorized, when I go to practice, I take away all my books, and have a very clean piano.
My problem is that I sight-read with such facility that the only pieces I’ve come close to memorising in the last 25 years have all been ones I’ve worked on with a teacher. I also sight-read better than I can play, if that makes sense to you.
I have so many pieces that I can play the first few bars of if I’m near a piano and almost nothing I can play through.
I have been playing for about a year and I prefer to have the score in front of me and I am even leary of memorizing. When I first began, I memorized O”Canada (I am Canadian) and could literally play it with my eyes closed. My mom came to visit and I couldn’t play it if I made even a small mistake since I lost my place and I had forgotten how to read the music so it was very frustrating. With sheet music, if you get nervous of make a mistake, it is easy to just keep going if you can read the score. Also, I know use a foot pedal page turner and my laptop with sheet music PDF’s to turn the pages with my left foot which negates issues 2 and 3 on your list of why not to read music.
Good points, John!
“While amateurs learn a piece of music first and then memorize it, experts memorize from day one and never differentiate between learning and memorizing. To them, it’s one and the same process.”
What is the EVIDENCE for this statement? Some very fine musicians would disagree. For example in his book “On Piano Playing” Gyorgy Sandor advises learning to play the music well before attempting to memorize it.
But to decide the matter neither a set of OPINIONS nor ANECDOTES is sufficient. We need proper evidence.
I am live evidence of this. I’ve been playing piano since I was six years old and I’ve always simultaneously learned and memorized pieces of music. I detailed it in my own comment below.
When it comes to memorizing, I have a unique ability to memorize a piece using muscle memory. It’s not that I memorize the notes themselves – my fingers, once I play a song, will instantly commit the movements they make to muscle memory. Once I finish learning a piece I will be able to play it without music, assuming I do so every few weeks at the least. All I need to do is remember where the first note is, and my fingers do the rest by themselves.
I believe you, I tried to memorise a bit, it took me a lot longer than you
I was thrilled when one day , when I realized it was a permanent in my brain.
Took a great deal of determination. I’m still mystified how I play it without
trying . Do your explanation must be correct.
Thanks for this post and for the links to the articles. I think learning to memorize and having a piece learnt so well it is memorized is an essential musical skill. Chords and phrases need to be analyzed and worked out. Even in chamber music I would hope to have learnt the piece that well. This is why I teach all my students to memorize. However I never require memory in performance. It’s unnecessary pressure and takes time and effort away from developing artistry. Maybe this is one of the reasons why classical musicians rarely compose or improvise–who has time when hours of toil are dedicated to memory? And a lot of it is just for appearances. Nowadays technology might make that issue redundant as well with slim iPads replacing bulky scores and page turners. I feel especially strongly about this issue because I suffer from ADD and PTSD, and although I perform at a high level, memory paralyses me. I am so easily startled that I need a score to stay grounded even if a piece is well memorized. I hate having to explain to why I need a score to profs, etc. I don’t want people to make exceptions for me–if any musician is more comfortable with a score, he/she should be allowed to use one, reguardless of the reason. I feel like it has really held me back, especially because I excel at solo Bach and Mozart, but often don’t take advantage of performance opportunity becuase I’m scared of being judged negatively. I hope the stigma against soloists playing from scores will soon change. I hope so for my students’ sake especially. The world is becoming more accommodating for those of us with learning disabilities. I would hope music exams and competitions will catch up. People with learning disabilities can achieve distinction in every field and music is no exception. Great sound is what matters most in music, and being able to share it with others.
I have a master’s degree in organ performance (but work as an electrical engineer by day – I have a degree in that too – actually now working on a master’s degree at 57 years old). In the church music world (I double majored in sacred music), there are so many performances – not just every week, but also holidays and then the occasional recital. Memorize? Forget it! (Due to the amount of music all the time.)
In graduate school, I did have to memorize one piece for my juries every semester, but that was it.
So here’s my perspective: Whether I am playing or conducting, I mark up my scores extensively. I write in fingerings. I also circle expression as well as registration changes on the organ. (Every instrument is different, so if I go to a different venue, I have to get myself familiar with that organ and set it up for my performance accordingly.)
The late great Gerre Hancock performed all his recitals from memory – and at age 10 I got his autograph – my first ever. He was very approachable, and he taught improvisation classes. He made me believe I could improvise (I had to learn that in graduate school as well). He was the organist and director of music at St. Thomas Church in NYC for many years as well. Bear in mind that he could do this full time. Most of us organists cannot. In my case, I work as an engineer by day – I don’t play organ as much anymore and I miss it, but the performance schedule is so demanding. I actually did this as a full-time gig for 5 years. I was not as successful at that as I wanted to be.
On a final note, my mother, also a musician, read a reference that memorization was originally practiced as a means of showing off. This may have started with Franz Liszt.